Land surveyors are professionals whose job relates to surveying land to demarcate boundaries for various structures and infrastructure. These structures and infrastructure include roads, railways, public facilities, factory structures, and private homes among others. Surveyors are usually charged with many responsibilities, which mean that they must be properly trained and licensed in order to dispense their duties to the public. Each country has requirements that surveyor must meet in order for them to practice. This is worth knowing about Missouri Boundary Survey.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
A theodolite is applied to measure angles in surveying. Two separate circles, protractors, and alidades are applied to measure angles in the vertical and horizontal planes. Normally, vertical alignment of an object and a telescope is done first. Usually, telescopes are mounted on trunnions. The telescope creates the angle against the vertical line. This angle is measured using the vertical circle. This vertical line is named as the zenith angle.
One special type of theodolite is a gyrotheodolite. For this instrument to orient itself, it uses a gyroscope. In cases where the reference mark does not exist, gyrotheodolite is used. Gyrotheodolites are used in underground applications. Total stations are simply advanced forms of theodolites. That makes them essentially theodolites. The only difference is that electronic distance measurement devices are incorporated into total stations.
Setting a total station to a horizontal plane makes it capable of being used for leveling. When total stations were first introduced, they were optical-mechanical devices. However, with more development and better technology, they are now fully electronic. Advanced stations no longer need prisms or reflectors to return light pulses that are used for measuring distances. Modern stations are fully robotic with the capability of e-mailing data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
A theodolite is applied to measure angles in surveying. Two separate circles, protractors, and alidades are applied to measure angles in the vertical and horizontal planes. Normally, vertical alignment of an object and a telescope is done first. Usually, telescopes are mounted on trunnions. The telescope creates the angle against the vertical line. This angle is measured using the vertical circle. This vertical line is named as the zenith angle.
One special type of theodolite is a gyrotheodolite. For this instrument to orient itself, it uses a gyroscope. In cases where the reference mark does not exist, gyrotheodolite is used. Gyrotheodolites are used in underground applications. Total stations are simply advanced forms of theodolites. That makes them essentially theodolites. The only difference is that electronic distance measurement devices are incorporated into total stations.
Setting a total station to a horizontal plane makes it capable of being used for leveling. When total stations were first introduced, they were optical-mechanical devices. However, with more development and better technology, they are now fully electronic. Advanced stations no longer need prisms or reflectors to return light pulses that are used for measuring distances. Modern stations are fully robotic with the capability of e-mailing data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
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